Association of lipid profile and obesity in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective. Abnormal lipid profile and obesity increase the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS patients may have a greater risk of infertility, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to abnormal lipid profile and obesity. The aim of the study was to find the association between abnormal lipid profile and obesity in patients with PCOS. Methods. In this case-control study, a total of 102 female subjects (51 diagnosed PCOS and 51 age-matched healthy controls) were enrolled, aged between 20-40 years. Biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were estimated. Anthropometric parameters such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were recorded. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Mean of BMI, WC, WHR, LH, FSH, TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL-C was found significantly elevated in patients with PCOS as compared to controls (p<0.01). However, the mean of HDL-C was found significantly reduced in patients with PCOS as compared to controls (p<0.01). BMI has shown a significant positive correlation with WC (r=0.562, p<0.01) and WHR (r=0.580, p<0.01) among PCOS patients. LH has shown a significant positive correlation with FSH (r=0.572, p<0.01) among PCOS patients. TC has shown a significant positive correlation with TG (r=0.687, p<0.01), LDL-C (r=0.917, p<0.01), and VLDL-C (r=0.726, p<0.01) among PCOS patients. Conclusion. The results showed that abnormal lipid profile and obesity have a significant association with PCOS patients. Regular monitoring and treatment of PCOS patients are required to reduce the risk of infertility, MetS, and CVD.

Baseline urinary osteopontin levels are associated with the improvement of metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While serum osteopontin (OPN)'s established role in cardiometabolic risk is recognized, its potential as a predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) improvement through a urine assay has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we propose its potential predictive role over a 12-month period of standard care, with the ability to complement anthropometric measures. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hierarchical clustering revealed a notable association of urinary OPN (uOPN) with MetS criteria and overcame anthropometric measures in predicting the improvement at 12 months (OR of 2.74 [95% CI 1.32 to 6.29]). uOPN significantly contributed to the homogeneity of the nodes in the random forest and ultimately enhanced the performance of anthropometric measures when assessed for accuracy and area under the curve (AUC). CONCLUSION: Our findings offer insights into potential applications in cardiometabolic medicine for uOPN, which is easily detectable in non-invasive biological samples through an affordable assay.

The association between waist circumference and adult asthma attack using nationally representative samples.

AIMS: This study aims to explore the relationship between waist circumference and asthma attack in adults. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we analysed data from 5,530 U.S. adults diagnosed with asthma. Participants were categorized into two groups based on their experience of asthma attacks: with or without asthma attacks. We employed adjusted weighted logistic regression models, weighted restricted cubic splines, subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the association between waist circumference and asthma attack. RESULTS: The median age of all participants was 43 years, and the median waist circumference was 98.9 cm, with a median BMI was 28.50 kg/m2. Participants in the asthma attack group had significantly higher waist circumferences than those in the non-attack group (P < 0.001). After full adjustment for body mass index-defined obesity, age, gender, race, education levels, poverty income ratio levels, smoking status, and metabolic syndrome, every 5 cm increase in waist circumference exhibited a 1.06 times higher likelihood of asthma attack probability. The weighted restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated an increased risk of asthma attacks with rising waist circumference. Subgroup analyses confirmed this relationship across various groups differentiated by gender, age, and smoking status. When applying a stricter definition of asthma attack, the weighted logistic regression models showed robust association between waist circumference and asthma attack. CONCLUSION: Waist circumference is an independent predictor of asthma attacks. Our findings underscore the importance of waist circumference measurement in evaluating the risk of asthma attacks.

Prevalence of obesity and associated health risks in soldiers of the German Armed Forces.

BACKGROUND: Obesity rates are rising in the armed forces of Western democratic countries, impacting military readiness and health. This highlights the need for preventive health risk assessments and countermeasures. METHODS: Using mandatory health examination data from 2018 to 2022, we analyzed the prevalence of obesity, health risks, and associated specific military risk factors (rank and unit) in 43,214 soldiers of the German Armed Forces. Statistical methods included χ2 contingencies and binary logistic regressions. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) was 18.0%. Male soldiers (OR = 3.776) and those with an officer's rank (OR = 1.244) had an increased chance for obesity. Serving in a combat unit reduced the chance of being obese (OR = .886). Considering BMI and waist circumference, 2.4% of the total sample faced extremely high cardiovascular and metabolic health risks, while 11.0% and 11.6% had very high or high health risks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data underscore the importance of targeting obesity-related health risk factors in soldiers to ensure their well-being and deployment readiness.

Body mass index, waist circumference, and mortality in subjects older than 80 years: a Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Emerging evidence has raised an obesity paradox in observational studies of body mass index (BMI) and health among the oldest-old (aged ≥80 years), as an inverse relationship of BMI with mortality was reported. This study was to investigate the causal associations of BMI, waist circumference (WC), or both with mortality in the oldest-old people in China. METHODS: A total of 5306 community-based oldest-old (mean age 90.6 years) were enrolled in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) between 1998 and 2018. Genetic risk scores were constructed from 58 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMI and 49 SNPs associated with WC to subsequently derive causal estimates for Mendelian randomization (MR) models. One-sample linear MR along with non-linear MR analyses were performed to explore the associations of genetically predicted BMI, WC, and their joint effect with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and non-CVD mortality. RESULTS: During 24 337 person-years of follow-up, 3766 deaths were documented. In observational analyses, higher BMI and WC were both associated with decreased mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR) 0.963, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.955-0.971 for a 1-kg/m2 increment of BMI and HR 0.971 (95% CI 0.950-0.993) for each 5 cm increase of WC]. Linear MR models indicated that each 1 kg/m2 increase in genetically predicted BMI was monotonically associated with a 4.5% decrease in all-cause mortality risk [HR 0.955 (95% CI 0.928-0.983)]. Non-linear curves showed the lowest mortality risk at the BMI of around 28.0 kg/m2, suggesting that optimal BMI for the oldest-old may be around overweight or mild obesity. Positive monotonic causal associations were observed between WC and all-cause mortality [HR 1.108 (95% CI 1.036-1.185) per 5 cm increase], CVD mortality [HR 1.193 (95% CI 1.064-1.337)], and non-CVD mortality [HR 1.110 (95% CI 1.016-1.212)]. The joint effect analyses indicated that the lowest risk was observed among those with higher BMI and lower WC. CONCLUSIONS: Among the oldest-old, opposite causal associations of BMI and WC with mortality were observed, and a body figure with higher BMI and lower WC could substantially decrease the mortality risk. Guidelines for the weight management should be cautiously designed and implemented among the oldest-old people, considering distinct roles of BMI and WC.

Anthropometric markers and their cut-off point for the prediction of hypertension with lifestyle as a risk factor among Chiru tribe of North East India.

BACKGROUND: The increased prevalence of obesity, particularly central obesity, is closely associated with many metabolic complexions, including hypertension and diabetes. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigates the cut-off points of some anthropometric measurements such as body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], waist circumference [WC (cm)], waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio (WHtR) associated with high blood pressure. It determines the risk factors among the Chiru tribe of North East India. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages in the hilly districts of Manipur. For the present study, 416 Chiru adults (209 males and 207 females) aged 20-79 years were included. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured using standard procedures. Statistical methods such as chi-square, Pearson correlation, and multivariate logistic regression were employed. RESULTS: The result indicates that the cut-off values to detect hypertension were 21.83 for BMI, 82.55 for WC, 0.92 for WHR, and 0.53 for WHtR. However, the cut-off values to detect hypertension in females were 23.92 for BMI, 86.48 for WC, 0.94 for WHR, and 0.55 for WHtR. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that hypertension was an independently associated risk factor in both males and females with an age ≥ 50 years (OR = 18.52 and 10.12), physical activity (OR = 0.10 and 0.21), salt intake (OR = 7.81 and 3.36), and smoking (OR = 2.56 and 3.23), respectively. CONCLUSION: It has been concluded that BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR values can determine hypertension risk in the Chiru population. Age, smoking, physical activity, and salt intake were independent risk factors associated with high blood pressure.

Body fat predicts urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and infectious diseases is increasingly reported in the literature. There are scarce studies on the association between obesity and urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation (KTx). These studies defined obesity based on body mass index, and their results were conflicting. The present study aimed to evaluate this association using bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition evaluation, and obesity definition. METHODS: A single-center cohort study was conducted. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected at KTx admission, and bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed to measure the visceral fat area, waist circumference, and total fat mass. The occurrence of urinary tract infection (symptomatic bacteriuria and/or histological evidence of pyelonephritis) was evaluated within three months after KTx. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included in the cohort, and 67 were included in the final analysis. Urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 23.9% of the transplanted patients. Waist circumference (HR: 1.053; 95% CI 1.005-1.104; p = 0.032), visceral fat area (HR: 1.015; 95% CI 1.003-1.027; p = 0.014), and total fat mass (HR: 1.075; 95% CI 1.008-1.146; p = 0.028) were associated with urinary tract infection occurrence after KTx, using Cox regression models. Patients with high waist circumference (above 102 cm for men and above 88 cm for women) had a 4.7 times higher risk of a urinary tract infection than those with normal waist circumference (HR: 4.726; 95% CI 1.267-17.630; p = 0.021). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with high waist circumference, high visceral fat area, and high total fat mass had more urinary tract infections (Log-rank test p = 0.014, p = 0.020, and p = 0.018, respectively). Body mass index was not able to predict urinary tract infection in the study sample. CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference, visceral fat area, and total fat mass, assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, were predictors of urinary tract infection risk within the first three months after KTx.

Randomised controlled trial of lifestyle interventions for abdominal obesity in primary health care.

AIM: Assess effects on waist circumference from diet with or without cereal grains and with or without long-term physical exercise. BACKGROUND: Elevated waist circumference is an indicator of increased abdominal fat storage and is accordingly associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. This is likely due to the association between lifestyle-induced changes in waist circumference and cardiovascular risk factors. Reductions in waist circumference may be facilitated by diet without cereal grains combined with long-term physical exercise. METHODS: Two-year randomised controlled trial with factorial trial design in individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular disease with increased waist circumference. Participants were allocated diet based on current Swedish dietary guidelines with or without cereal grains (baseline diet information supported by monthly group sessions) and with or without physical exercise (pedometers and two initial months of weekly structured exercise followed by written prescription of physical activity) or control group. The primary outcome was the change in waist circumference. FINDINGS: The greatest mean intervention group difference in the change in waist circumference among the 73 participants (47 women and 26 men aged 23-79 years) was at one year between participants allocated a diet without cereal grains and no exercise and participants allocated a diet with cereal grains and no exercise [M = -5.3 cm and -0.9 cm, respectively; mean difference = 4.4 cm, 4.0%, 95% CI (0.0%, 8.0%), P = 0.051, Cohen's d = 0.75]. All group comparisons in the change in waist circumference were non-significant despite the greatest group difference being more than double that estimated in the pre-study power calculation. The non-significance was likely caused by too few participants and a greater than expected variability in the change in waist circumference. The greatest mean intervention group difference strengthens the possibility that dietary exclusion of cereal grains could be related to greater reduction in waist circumference.

Triglyceride-glucose-waist circumference index predicts the incidence of cardiovascular disease in Korean populations: competing risk analysis of an 18-year prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride and glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC) index demonstrated a strong association with insulin resistance, especially in Asian population. However, evidence on the association between TyG-WC index and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited. This study aimed to verify association between the TyG-WC index and the occurrence of CVD by considering all-cause mortality as a competing risk. METHODS: The study included 7482 participants divided into four groups based on the TyG-WC index quartiles. Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated cumulative incidence rates of CVD and all-cause mortality during the follow-up period. Log-rank tests determined group differences. The Cox proportional hazard spline curve demonstrates the dose-dependent relationship between the TyG-WC index and incident CVD. Modified Cox regression (Fine and Gray) estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for incident CVD, treating death as a competing risk. Death event after incident CVD was excluded from the death count. RESULTS: During the median 15.94 year of follow-up period, a total of 691 (9.24%) new-onset CVD cases and 562 (7.51%) all-cause mortality cases were confirmed. Cox proportional hazard spline curves suggested that TyG-WC index exhibited a dose-dependent positive correlation with incident CVD. The cumulative incidence rate of CVD was significantly higher in the groups with higher TyG-WC index quartiles in Kaplan-Meier curves. The adjusted HR (95% CI) for incident CVD in Q2-Q4, compared with Q1, was 1.47 (1.12-1.93), 1.91 (1.44-2.54) and 2.24 (1.63-3.07), respectively. There was no significant association between TyG-WC index and all-cause mortality. Specifically, angina and stroke were significantly associated with the TyG-WC index, in contrast to myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease. CONCLUSIONS: The TyG-WC index was positively associated with incident CVD even considering all-cause mortality as a competing risk. Therefore, TyG-WC index may be a valuable marker for predicting the occurrence of CVD.

Associations of gestational weight gain with the long-term postpartum weight gain, body mass index, waist circumference and abdominal obesity: A 27-year prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the associations between gestational weight gain (GWG) and long-term postpartum maternal weight gain, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the risk of general and abdominal obesity, beyond motherhood (some 27 y after childbirth). METHODS: Participants were 1953 women enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy cohort study that started in the early 1980 s, with the most recent follow-up at 27 y postpartum. We examined the prospective associations of GWG in pregnancy with weight, BMI, and WC and the risk of adiposity 27 y after the index pregnancy. We used linear and multinomial logistic regressions to examine the independent effect of GWG on each outcome, adjusting for potential confounders and mediators. RESULTS: The average GWG during pregnancy was 14.88 kg (SD 5.24). One in four women (25.50%) gained below the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations and one in three (34.00%) gained excess weight during pregnancy. Every 100 g/week increment of GWG was associated with 2.0 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.6) kg, 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) kg/m2, 1.3 (0.8, 1.8) cm greater body weight, BMI, and WC, respectively 27 y postpartum. Women who gained inadequate weight in pregnancy had significantly lower odds of general obesity (OR; 0.70, 95% CI:0.53,0.94) or abdominal obesity (0.73; 0.56,0.96), whereas those who gained excess gestational weight had much higher odds of general obesity (4.49; 3.36,6.00) and abdominal obesity (3.09; 2.29,4.16). These associations were independent of potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Maternal GWG in pregnancy independently and strongly predicted beyond motherhood weight gain trajectory. GWG within IOM recommendation may prevent long-term development of both general and central obesity.

Fat tissue quantity, waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The BMI predicts mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, while in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) a high BMI is associated with improved survival, a phenomenon referred to as the "obesity paradox". While BMI is easy to determine and helps to categorize patients, it does not differentiate between fat tissue, lean tissue and bone mass. As the BMI may be altered in CKD, e.g. by muscle wasting, we determined in this meta-analysis (i) the association of mortality with fat tissue quantity in CKD and (ii) the association of mortality with abdominal obesity (as measured by waist circumference (WC) or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) in CKD. We systematically reviewed databases for prospective or retrospective cohort studies. In eleven studies with 23,523 patients the association between mortality and high fat tissue quantity in CKD was calculated. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for this association in the CKD group in the dialysis group 0.91 (CI 0.84- 0.98, p = 0.01) which is comparable to the HR for the association with BMI. The HR in patients without dialysis was 0.7 (95% CI 0.53- 0.93, p = 0.01), suggesting a better risk prediction of high fat tissue content with mortality as compared to higher BMI with mortality in patients with CKD without dialysis. Importantly, both BMI and fat tissue quantity in CKD are described by the "obesity paradox": the higher the fat tissue content or BMI, the lower the mortality risk. In thirteen studies with 55,175 patients the association between mortality and high WC or WHR in CKD (with or without dialysis) was calculated. We observed, that the HR in the WHR group was 1.31 (CI 1.08-1.58, p = 0.007), whereas the overall hazard ratio of both groups was 1.09 (CI 1.01-1.18, p = 0.03), indicating that a higher abdominal obesity as measured by WHR is associated with higher mortality in CKD. Our analysis suggests gender-specific differences, which need larger study numbers for validation. This meta-analysis confirms the obesity paradox in CKD using fat tissue quantity as measure and further shows that using abdominal obesity measurements in the routine in obese CKD patients might allow better risk assessment than using BMI or fat tissue quantity. Comparable to the overall population, here, the higher the WHR, the higher the mortality risk.

Randomised, double-blind, parallel group comparison of Ashitaba (Angelica Keiskei) chalcone effects on visceral fat areas and waist circumference of overweight persons.

This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study aimed to determine whether encapsulated Ashitaba chalcone (16 mg comprising 10.1 mg 4-hydroxyderricin and 5.9 mg xanthoangelol) could reduce obesity in 17 men and 25 women with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to < 30. Participants ingested capsules containing either the chalcone or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was changes in visceral fat areas determined by computed tomography (CT) at baseline, and at 8 and 12 weeks later. The primary endpoint, abdominal visceral fat area, was significantly reduced in the chalcone, compared with a placebo group 12 weeks after screening (p < 0.05). The secondary endpoint, waist circumference, was significantly decreased in the chalcone, compared with the placebo group at weeks 8 and 12 (p < 0.05 at week 8; p < 0.01 at week 12). Therefore, Ashitaba chalcone has anti-obesity benefits for overweight men and women.

Centrally Distributed Adiposity as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Fecal Incontinence: U.S. Population-Based Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fecal incontinence (FI) is highly prevalent with substantial impacts on quality of life and healthcare utilization. The impact of obesity on FI remains unclear, with differing conclusions using BMI as risk factor. We aimed to determine the association between obesity and FI, and whether this relationship is dependent on the distribution of adiposity (waist circumference-to-height ratio, WHtR). METHODS: This was a population-based analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including participants who responded to the bowel health survey in 2005-2010. FI was defined by the accidental bowel leakage of solid stool, liquid, or mucus at least once in the past month. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess risk factors for FI. RESULTS: A total of 7,606 participants were included, with an overall FI prevalence of 9.2%. When stratified by quartiles of body measurements, FI was increasingly prevalent from 1st to 4th quartile for both WHtR (range: 5.3%-12.5%) and BMI (range: 7.1%-10.5%). WHtR was associated with FI and was a stronger predictor than BMI in all quartiles of body measurement. On multivariable analysis, WHtR remained a significant predictor of FI comparing the 4th to the 1st quartile of body measurements (OR:1.77, CI:1.11-2.80, p=0.017), whereas BMI was not. A WHtR cutoff of >0.592 optimized the Youden index in prediction of FI in the overall sample. CONCLUSION: WHtR was independently associated with increased odds of FI in this nationally representative sample of US adults, whereas BMI was not consistently correlated. This suggests bowel continence may depend more on how body mass is distributed.

Newly detected diabetes mellitus patients with acute coronary syndrome have an adverse cardiometabolic profile similar to patients with prior diabetes and a more extensive ischemic myocardial insult.

AIMS: The impact of newly detected diabetes mellitus (NDDM) on metabolic parameters and extent of myocardial necrosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not fully explored. We examined the impact of NDDM on cardiometabolic characteristics and myocardial necrosis in ACS patients. METHODS: CALLINICUS-Hellas Registry is an ongoing prospective multicenter observational study evaluating the adherence to lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) among ACS patients in Greece. Three groups were created: a) patients with NDDM (abnormal fasting glucose, HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % and no previous history of DM), b) patients without known DM and HbA1c < 6.5 % (non-DM) and c) patients with prior DM. RESULTS: The prevalence of NDDM among 1084 patients was 6.9 %. NDDM patients had lower HDL-C [38 (32-45) vs 42 (36-50) mg/dL] and higher triglycerides levels [144 (104-231) vs 115 (87-152) mg/dL] compared to non-DM patients (p < 0.05). NDDM patients featured both higher body mass index [29.5 (26.4-34.3) vs 27.1 (24.9-29.9) kg/m2] and waist circumference [107 (100-114) vs 98 (91-106) cm] compared to non-DM patients (p < 0.05). In addition, NDDM patients had more extensive myocardial necrosis than patients with prior DM. CONCLUSIONS: ACS patients with NDDM have an adverse cardiometabolic profile similar to patients with prior DM and have more extensive myocardial insult.

Adiposity and cartilage lesions following ACL reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if global, central, or peripheral adiposity is associated with prevalent and worsening cartilage lesions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: In 107 individuals one-year post-ACLR, adiposity was assessed globally (body mass index, BMI), centrally (waist circumference), and peripherally (knee subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness) from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage lesions were assessed from knee MRIs at 1- and 5-years post-ACLR. Poisson regression evaluated the relation of adiposity with prevalent and worsening tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage lesions adjusting for age, sex, and activity level. RESULTS: The prevalence ratios of adiposity with tibiofemoral (presence in 49%) and patellofemoral (44%) cartilage lesions ranged from 0.99 to 1.03. Adiposity was more strongly associated with longitudinal changes in tibiofemoral (worsening in 21%) and patellofemoral (44%) cartilage lesions. One-unit increase in global (kg/m2), central (cm), and peripheral (mm) adiposity was associated with a higher risk of worsening tibiofemoral cartilage lesions by 17% (risk ratios [95% CI]: 1.17 [1.09 to 1.23]), 5% (1.05 [1.02 to 1.08]), and 9% (1.09 [1.03 to 1.16]), and patellofemoral cartilage lesions by 5% (1.05 [1.00 to 1.12]) 2% (1.02 [1.00 to 1.04]) and 2% (1.02 [1.00 to 1.04]), respectively. CONCLUSION: Greater adiposity was a risk factor for worsening cartilage lesions up to 5 years post-ACLR. Clinical interventions aimed at mitigating excess adiposity may be beneficial in preventive approaches for early post-traumatic OA.

Associations between waist circumference and nocturia in adults: National health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2020.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between waist circumference and nocturia has not been previously studied. This study investigated the association between waist circumference and the occurrence of nocturia in adults. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey covering 2005-2020, encompassing 6287 adults aged ≥20. Nocturia was defined as the need to urinate two or more times during the night. First, we compared baseline characteristics between the nocturia and non-nocturia groups. Subsequently, we used multivariate logistic regression analysis to investigate the relationship between waist circumference and nocturia prevalence. We also employed restricted cubic spline analysis to study the potential nonlinear correlation between waist circumference and the prevalence of nocturia. Recognizing the baseline data's heterogeneity based on nocturia prevalence, we conducted subgroup analyses according to age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and ethnicity. RESULTS: Our findings indicated that females, individuals aged ≥50, citizens, Non-Hispanic Black, those with lower education levels (high school or less), higher BMIs, lower family income-to-poverty ratios, higher waist circumference, hypertension, and diabetes were more likely to experience nocturia. Compared with individuals in the lowest waist circumference quartile (Q1), those in the higher quartiles (Q4) exhibited an increased risk of nocturia in Model 1 (Q4, OR:2.00, 95% CI:1.64, 2.45, p < 0.0001). These results remained consistent after adjusting for covariates in models 2 and 3. A restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a linear association between waist circumference and nocturia (P for nonlinearity = 0.066). Subgroup analyses based on age, sex, BMI, and ethnicity revealed no significant differences in the interaction tests between waist circumference and nocturia (P for interaction = 0.437, 0.331, 0.121, and 0.889, respectively), indicating that these baseline characteristics did not influence the association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated an association between increased waist circumference and a higher prevalence of nocturia. Knowledge of this association reinforces the importance of lifestyle modifications in maintaining a healthy waist circumference and informs public health strategies to address other potential risk factors for nocturia.

Association of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Deciles Ratio with All-Cause Mortality: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Given the importance and continued interest in finding a simple, accessible, and universal measure which reflects both general and abdominal adiposity, this study tested for an association of the ratio of WC decile to BMI decile (WC-d/BMI-d) with all-cause mortality. Individuals aged 18-79 years who had participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during the years 2007 to 2018 were included in the analysis. WC and BMI deciles were defined separately for males and females, while WC-d/BMI-d was calculated for each individual. The association of WC-d/BMI-d with mortality was assessed using logistic models for the total study population, and then again after stratification by sex, ethnicity, morbidity level, and BMI categories. Positive associations between WC-d/BMI-d and mortality were demonstrated for the total study population (adjusted OR = 1.545, 95%CI: 1.369-1.722) and within different sub-groups, including the population with a normal BMI level (adjusted OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.13-1.50). WC-d/BMI-d increased with age, with ~40 years representing a critical time point when WC-d surpasses BMI-d, with a sharper incline for males as compared to females. WC-d/BMI-d was significantly associated with all-cause mortality amongst NHANES American adults; thus, measurements of WC and its integration with BMI in this metric should be considered in clinical practice.

FTO rs9939609: T>A Variant and Physical Inactivity as Important Risk Factors for Class III Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has been increasing worldwide. It has been reported that physiological and environmental factors such as diet, culture, physical activity, and genetics are the principal factors related to obesity. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gen variant (rs9939609: T>A) has been associated with class III obesity. The A variant has been correlated with anthropometric and metabolic alterations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the association of the FTO rs9939609: T>A variant and environmental factors with clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables in subjects with class III obesity. RESULTS: The A variant frequency was higher in the class III obesity group compared with the normal weight group (44% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). Subjects with the AA genotype had a higher body mass index (BMI) than those with the AT genotype (35.46 kg/m2 (31-39.8) vs. 26.91 kg/m2 (23.7-30), p = 0.005). Women with the AA genotype showed higher waist circumferences than the AT group (101.07 cm (90.9-111.1) vs. 85.45 cm (77-93.8) p = 0.047). The FTO A variant increases the risk by 3.54 times and physical inactivity increases the risk by 6.37 times for class III obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that among the studied variables, those most related to class III obesity were the FTO risk genotype (A allele) and physical inactivity.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods could influence the metabolic syndrome odds: A cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence has augmented globally during recent decades. Over the past years, the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has grown significantly worldwide. So, the present research investigated the association between UPFs and MetS in an Iranian sample. This cross-sectional research was conducted on people (n = 8841) in the Fasa cohort study, Fars province, Iran. The participants' dietary consumption over a year, UPF consumption, and MetS diagnosis were evaluated through a 125-item modified food frequency questionnaire, the NOVA food group classification, and the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program, respectively. The association between the quartiles (Q) of UPF intake and the odds of MetS was estimated using the backward LR method of multivariate analysis. In the multivariate model, after adjusting potential confounders, the association between UPF intake and the odds of MetS was significant (Q4: odds ratio (OR = 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.76-3.89). Also, the odds of increasing triglycerides (TG), blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) and decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly higher in the last quartile compared to the first quartile of UPFs (TG: OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.49-1.97, blood pressure: OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.30-1.79, FBS: OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.10-1.54, and HDL-C: OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08-1.39). The current research found a relationship between UPF intake and MetS and its components, indicating a diet-containing UPFs can be related to the occurrence of noncommunicable diseases.

Relationships of apolipoprotein E genotypes with a cluster of seven in persons with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE.: The objective of the study was to determine if there would be statistically significant differences or trends among apolipoprotein E genotypes (2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 3/3, 3/4, and 4/4) for each member of the cluster of seven associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The cluster of seven includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, platelet hyperaggregability, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased plasma levels of triglycerides)), increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and increased inflammation. METHODS.: Forty-six patients with well-controlled T2D participated in the study. Abdominal obesity (assessed by waist circumference), hypertension (measured by manual sphygmomanometry), platelet hyperaggregability (measured by bleeding time), hyperglycemia (by enzymatic kit and spectrophotometry), decreased plasma levels of HDL-C and increased plasma levels of triglycerides (by enzymatic kit and spectrophotometry), increased LDL oxidation (measured by LDL conjugated dienes using spectrophotometry) and increased inflammation measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) (by EIA kit) were determined. RESULTS.: All genotypes, except 2/2 were found in the population studied. Abdominal obesity did not vary significantly across the five genotypes. However, glucose levels trended progressively higher going from 2/3 to 2/4 to 3/4 to 4/4. Systolic blood pressure was higher in 3/4 compared to 2/4 and trended higher in 3/4 compared to 3/3. Diastolic blood pressure trended higher in 3/3 vs 2/4 and significantly higher in 3/4 compared to 2/4. Triglycerides trended higher in 3/4 vs 3/3 while HDL-C came close to trending downward in 4/4 compared to 2/4. Bleeding time was unaffected by genotype. Plasma LDL conjugated dienes trended higher in 3/4 vs 2/4 and were significantly higher in 3/4 vs 3/3. CRP trended higher in 4/4 vs 2/3. CONCLUSION.: We can conclude that those with at least one 4 allele in the presence of another allele being 2, 3 or 4 is potentially (in the case of trends) deleterious or is deleterious in terms of hyperglycemia, hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), dyslipidemia, LDL conjugated dienes and CRP levels.